Large Scale Custom Peptide Synthesis

Large Scale Custom Peptide Synthesis

Bio-Synthesis has been producing synthetic peptides for over 25 years. Our expertise in custom synthetic polypeptide manufacturing allows us to produce the high-quality, large-scale, and GMP peptides with the highest success rate with long standing records. We have been delivered more than 100,000 peptides to customers worldwide, including very hydrophobic polypeptide, peptide with multiple disulfide bonds, multi-phosph0rylated peptides and extremely long peptides. Our large scale non-GMP ever delivered 5 kilograms of peptides on a single order and has the capacity of 10,000 peptides per month. Our capacity of GMP peptide is 10 kilograms.


Peptide Applications

Peptide applications play an important role in biochemistry, molecular biology, immunology and medicine. In the human body, most if not all biological/physiological processes are regulated by various forms of molecular recognition. Most of these processes involve initiation or inhibition trough protein-protein interaction. As we know peptides and proteins due to the vast number of conformational possibilities are ideal to carry out such complex control functions.

Use of Synthetic Peptides

Synthetic peptides have been widely used for many purposes like: structure-function studies of polypeptides, as peptide hormones and hormone analogues, in the preparation of cross-reacting antibodies, in the design of novel enzyme and in drug discovery.

Biologically Active Peptides

The last 40 years have seen an enormous growth in the methodologies available to obtain peptide and protein molecules. Through recombinant methods, most labs can now assemble genes, subcloned into expression vectors and obtain a wide range of endogenous proteins; likewise the pioneering work of Bruce Merrifield, makes it possible to obtain large scale with multikilo amounts of a number of biologically active peptides.

LKB1 Antibody

LKB1 Antibody

Catalog#:3987

The LKB1 serine/threonine protein kinase was initially identified as a tumor suppressor gene mutated in human Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS), a condition resulting in the growth of numerous intestinal polyps classed as hamartomas. LKB1 exists as a heterotrimeric complex with two other proteins, Ste20-related adaptor protein (STRAD) and MO25. Together, this complex can phsophorylate and activate the AMP-activate protein kinase (AMPK). Following AMPK activation by LKB1, AMPK then phosphorylates TSC1 and TSC2, key components of the metabolism-regulating TOR signaling pathway, which antagonizes the activation for the TOR pathway. LKB1 has also been shown to play a fundamental role in controlling the spatial orientation of structures required to maintain an ordered, polarized epithelium. LKB1 often migrates at a higher than expected molecular weight in SDS-PAGE.

Additional Names: LKB1, Serine-threonine protein kinase 11, STK11, NT-REN-19 antigen

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of LKB1 in PC-3 cell lysate with LKB1 antibody at 1 µg/ml in the (A) absence or (B) presence of blocking peptide.





Source:LKB1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human LKB1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: LKB1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: LKB1 antibody can be used for detection of LKB1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 3987P - LKB1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: LKB1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1216 - PC-3 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 17939640
Accession Number: AAH19334
Short Description: Serine-threonine protein kinase 11
References
1. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlinson I, et al. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature 1998; 391:184-7.
2. Boudeau J, Baas AF, Deak M, et al. MO25alpha/beta interact with STRADalpha/beta enhancing their ability to bind, activate and localize LKB1 in the cytoplasm. EMBO J. 2003; 22:5102-14.
3. Hawley SA, Boudeau J, Reid JL, et al. Complexes between the LKB1 tumor suppressor, STRADalpha/beta and MO25alpha/beta are upstream kinases in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. J. Biol. 2003; 2:28

KINDLIN3 Antibody

KINDLIN3 Antibody

Catalog#:4797

The three KINDLINs are a novel family of focal adhesion proteins, localizing to integrin adhesion sites. The KINDLIN proteins are composed of a centrally located FERM domain interrupted by a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. KINDLIN1 and KINDLIN2 have been shown to play an essential role in integrin-mediated adhesion and spreading. In contrast to the widely expressed KINDLIN1 and KINDLIN2, KINDLIN3 is restricted to hematopoietic cells and is particularly abundant in megakaryocytes and platelets. Several reports describe a transcriptional misregulation of KINDLINs in various types of cancer. A recent study demonstrates that KINDLIN3 is essential for platelet integrin activation and subsequent integrin outside-in signaling, suggesting it may serve as a potential target for the design of therapeutics aimed at specifically disrupting integrin activation in platelets and leukocytes.

Additional Names: KINDLIN3, Fermitin family homolog 3, FERMT, Unc-112-related protein 2, MIG2-like protein, KIND3, MIG2B, URP2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KINDLIN3 in rat spleen lysate with KINDLIN3 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.



Source:KINDLIN3 antibody was raised against a 19 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of the human KINDLIN3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KINDLIN3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KINDLIN3 antibody can be used for detection of KINDLIN3 by Western blot at 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4797P - KINDLIN3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KINDLIN3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1466 - Rat Spleen Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 41281905
Accession Number: NP_848537
Short Description: Fermitin family homolog 3
References
1. Ussar S, Wang HV, Linder S, et al. The Kindlins: subcellular localization and expression during murine development. Exp. Cell Res. 2006; 312:3142-51.
2. Weinstein EJ, Bourner M, Head R, et al. URP1: a member of a novel family of PH and FERM domain-containing membrane-associated proteins is significantly over-expressed in lung and colon carcinomas. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003; 1637:207–16.
3. Boyd RS, Adam PJ, Patel S, et al. Proteomic analysis of the cell-surface membrane in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: identification of two novel proteins, BCNP1 and MIG2B. Leukemia 2003; 17:1605–12.
4. Mory A, Feigelson SW, Yarali N, et al. Kindlin-3: a new gene involved in the pathogenesis of LAD-III. Blood 2008; 112:2591.

KappaB ras2 Antibody

KappaB ras2 Antibody

Catalog#:2495

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody is specific for kappaB-ras2 and has no cross-reactivity to kappaB-ras1.

Additional Names: KappaB ras2, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein 2, kappaB-ras2, NKIRAS2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras2 in RAW264.7 cell lysate with KappaB ras1 antibody at 1 µg/ml in the (A) absence and (B) presence of blocking peptide.





Source:KappaB ras2 antibody was raised against a 14 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KappaB ras2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KappaB ras2 antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2495P - KappaB ras2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 19072794
Accession Number: NP_060065
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

Use of Bioconjugates in Apoptosis

Bio-Synthesis has acquired years of experience in chemical conjugation of peptides, porteins, oligonucleotides, lipid, bifunctional ligands, antibodies and other biological molecules onto solid surfaces. Our goal is to be your one expert source when seeking new solutions from early drug discovery to delivery.

Bioconjugation Service

In some cases the carrier moiety can be a synthetic polymer such as poly-L-glutamic acid to which the drug paclitaxel has been conjugated. The actual mechanism of action is still being elucidated. Another carrier that has been used successfully are the cyclodextrins to which small pro-apoptotic agents can be linked. For example For instance a conjugate of anti-CD33 antibody and the amphipathic peptide KLA target efficiently CD33-positive myeloid leukemia cell lines to cause their apoptotic death induced by the D-(KLAKLAK)2 proapoptotic peptide.

Bioconjugates

The study of apotosis, the programmed death of cells, has direct applications to cancer a disease where tumor cells have developed mechanisms to avoid it and multiply without control. The fact that apoptosis is usually mediated by some cell receptors makes conjugates a valuable tool in elucidating apoptosis’ mechanisms as well drug development.

Bioconjugations

Cells over-expressing erbB2 and resistant to apoptosis can be killed more efficiently by a conjugate composed of an erbB2-binding heptapeptide conjugated to the proapoptotic a-tocopheryl succinate (a-TOS) rather than the unconjugated a-TOS. Use of the conjugate resulted in breast carcinomas in a breast cancer prone transgenic mouse strain. Recently it has been shown that conjugates of cytochrome c and oligoarginine linked by a thioether resulted in an increased entry into the cell, compared to cyt. c alone, and increase in apoptotic activity. In contrast a conjugate linked by a disulfide bond although entered into the cell did not enhance the apoptotic activity.

RNA Resources

RNA Resources

With over 20 years experience in custom synthesis for the biomedical research communities, BSI has developed the expertise to deliver custom synthesized RNA with quality that meets all your RNAi, siRNA, shRNA and other RNA projects.

RNA

Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate. RNA is very similar to DNA, but differs in a few important structural details: in the cell RNA is usually single stranded, while DNA is usually double stranded. RNA nucleotides contain ribose while DNA contains deoxyribose (a type of ribose that lacks one oxygen atom), and RNA has the nucleotide uracil rather than thymine which is present in DNA.

RNA Polymerases

RNA is transcribed from DNA by enzymes called RNA polymerases and is generally further processed by other enzymes. Some of these RNA-processing enzymes contain RNA as part of their structures. RNA is also central to the translation of some RNAs into proteins. In this process, a type of RNA called messenger RNA carries information from DNA to structures called ribosomes. These ribosomes are made from proteins and ribosomal RNAs, which come together to form a molecular machine that can read messenger RNAs and translate the information they carry into proteins.

RNA World Hypothesis

The RNA world hypothesis proposes that a world filled with RNA (ribonucleic acid) based life predates current DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) based life. RNA, which can store information like DNA and catalyze reactions like proteins (enzymes), may have supported cellular or pre-cellular life. Some hypotheses as to the origin of life present RNA-based catalysis and information storage as the first step in the evolution of cellular life.

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KappaB ras1 Antibody

KappaB ras1 Antibody

Catalog#:2493

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody is specific for kappaB-ras1 and has no cross-reactivity to kappaB-ras2.

Additional Names: KappaB ras1, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein 1, kappaB-ras1, NKIRAS1
Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras1 in RAW264.7 cell lysate with KappaB ras1 antibody at (A) 0.5, (B) 1 and (C) 2 µg/ml.


Below: Immunocytochemistry of KappaB-ras1 in RAW264.7 cells with KappaB-ras1 antibody at 1 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:KappaB ras1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KappaB ras1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KappaB ras1 antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, ICC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2493P - KappaB ras1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1283 - RAW264.7 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M
GI Number: 7008402
Accession Number: AAF34998
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

KappaB ras Antibody

KappaB ras Antibody

Catalog#:2491

KappaB ras-1 (kappaB-ras-1) and kappaB-ras-2 are two small proteins that similar to Ras-like small GTPases that associate with IkappaB (IkappaB), an inhibitor of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. IkappaB exists in two homologous forms, IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta, although IkappaB-beta contains a unique 47-amino acid region within its ankyrin domain. While inactive IkappaB-alpha-NF-kappaB complexes can shuttle in and out of the nucleus, IkappaB-beta-NF-kappaB complexes are retained exclusively in the cytoplasm. It is suggested that kappaB-ras proteins preferentially bind to the IkappaB-beta form through this unique insert within the ankyrin region, thus modulating the cellular location of IkappaB-beta and regulating the rate of degradation of IkappaB-beta. This antibody detects both kappaB-ras1 and kappaB-ras2.

Additional Names: KappaB ras, NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras like protein, kappaB-ras, NKIRAS

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KappaB ras in 293 cell lysate with KappaB ras antibody at (A) 2 and (B) 4 µg/ml. Below: Immunohistochemistry of KappaB ras in human lymph node tissue with KappaB ras antibody at 1 µg/ml.





Source:KappaB ras antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide from near the center of human KappaB ras 1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KappaB ras antibody was raised in rabbit.
Application: KappaB ras antibody can be used for detection of KappaB ras by Western blot at 2 – 4 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 2491P - KappaB ras Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KappaB ras antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1369 - Human Lymph Node Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 7008402
Accession Number: AAF34998
Short Description: NF-kappaB inhibitor-interacting Ras-like protein
References
1. Fenwick C, Na SY, Voll RE, et al. A subclass of Ras proteins that regulate the degradation of IkappaB. Science 2000; 287:869-73.
2. Chen Y, Wu J and Ghosh G. KappaB-Ras binds to the unique insert within the ankyrin repeat domain if IkappaBbeta and regulates cytoplasmic retention of IkappaBbeta x NF-kappaB complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:23101-6.

KAI1 Antibody

KAI1 Antibody

Catalog#:4073

KAI1 was initially identified from a T-cell activation study as a four-transmembrane protein that plays an accessory role in T-cell activation, and was later determined to act as a cancer metastasis suppressor gene. This protein is ubiquitously expressed at moderate to high levels in most tissues, but its expression is downregulated during tumor progression. The loss of KAI1 and p53 is associated with poor survival for prostate and other cancer patients. Recently, KAI1 was found to interact with DARC, the Duffy antigen for chemokines using a yeast two hybrid screen. It is thought that tumor cells dislodged from the primary tumor and expressing KAI1 interact with DARC proteins expressed on vascular cells, transmitting a senescent signal to the tumor cells, while tumor cells that have lost KAI1 expression can proliferate and potentially give rise to metastases. At least two isoforms of KAI1 are known to exist.

Additional Names: KAI1 (CT), CD82 antigen, tetraspanin-27, Tspan-27, suppressor of tumorgenicity-6


Description
Left: Western blot analysis of KAI1 in A549 cell lysate with KAI1 antibody at (A) 0.5 and (B) 1 µg/ml.

Below: Immunohistochemistry of KAI1 in human colon tissue with KAI1 antibody at 2.5 μg/ml.


Other Product Images

Source:KAI1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide from near the carboxy terminus of human KAI1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: KAI1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: KAI1 antibody can be used for detection of KAI1 by Western blot at 0.5 – 1 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4073P - KAI1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: KAI1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1203 - A549 Cell Lysate
2. Cat. No. 1320 - Human Colon Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 4504813
Accession Number: NP_002222
Short Description: (CT) a tumor metastasis suppressoer gene
References
1. HW Gaugitsch, Hofer E, Huber NE, et al. A new superfamily of lymphoid and melanoma cell proteins with extensive homology to Schistosoma mansoni antigen SM23. Eur. J. Immunol. 1991; 21:377-83.
2. Gil ML, Vita N, Lebel-Binay S, et al. A member of the tetra spans transmembrane protein superfamily is recognized by a monoclonal antibody raised against an HLA class I-deficient, lymphokine-activated killer-susceptible, B lymphocyte line. Cloning and functional studies. J. Immunol. 1992; 2826-33.
3. Dong JT, Lamb PW, Rinker-Schaeffer CW, et al. KAI1, a metastasis suppressor gene for prostate cancer on human chromosome 11p11.2. Science 1995; 884-86.
4. Kauffman EC, Robinson VL, Stadler WM, et al. Metastasis suppression: the evolving role of metastasis suppressor genes for regulating cancer cell growth at the secondary site. J. Urol. 2003; 169:1122-33

Amino Acid Analysis Protein

Amino Acid Analysis Protein

Biosyn provides amino acids analysis service. Using ion exchange, post-column Ninhydrin detection, we provide precise determination of protein quantities, but also provide detailed information regarding the relative amino acid composition that gives a characteristic protein profile, which is often sufficient for identification of a protein.

An Essential Amino Acid

An essential amino acid or indispensable amino acid is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized de novo by the organism and therefore must be supplied in the diet. Nine amino acids are generally regarded as essential for humans: phenylalanine, valine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Arginine is required by infants and growing kids.

Essential Amino Acids

Amino Acids are the chemical units or "building blocks" of the body that make up proteins. Protein substances make up the muscles, tendons, organs, glands, nails, and hair. Growth, repair and maintenance of all cells are dependent upon them.

Amino Acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent. In the alpha amino acids, the amino and carboxylate groups are attached to the same carbon, which is called the α–carbon. The various alpha amino acids differ in which side chain (R group) is attached to their alpha carbon.

JPH4 Antibody

JPH4 Antibody

Catalog#:4923

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions.

Additional Names: JPH4 (CT), Junctophilin 4, JPHL1, hJP-4



Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH4 in 293 cell lysate with JPH4 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.


Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH4 in human brain tissue with JPH4 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.





Other Product Images

Source:JPH4 antibody was raised against a 16 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH4.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH4 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH4 antibody can be used for detection of JPH4 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4923P - JPH4 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH4 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 33585440
Accession Number: AAH55429
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811-6.

JPH3 Antibody

JPH3 Antibody

Catalog#:4921

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions. A repeat expansion in JPH3 is associated with Huntington disease-like 2. At least two isoforms of JPH3 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH3 (CT), Junctophilin 3, JP3, JP-3, TNRC22, HDL2



Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH3 in Daudi cell lysate with JPH3 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.


Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH3 in human brain tissue with JPH3 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.

Other Product Images
Source:JPH3 antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH3 antibody can be used for detection of JPH3 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4921P - JPH3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1224 - Daudi Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704283
Accession Number: NP_065706
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811

JPH3 Antibody

JPH3 Antibody

Catalog#:4931

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain. In the CNS, both JPH3 and JPH4 are expressed throughout neural sites and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. Mice lacking both JPH3 and JPH4 subtypes exhibit serious symptoms such as impaired learning and memory and are accompanied by abnormal nervous functions. A repeat expansion in JPH3 is associated with Huntington disease-like 2. At least two isoforms of JPH3 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH3 (IN), Junctophilin 3, JP3, JP-3, TNRC22, HDL2


Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH3 in Daudi cell lysate with JPH3 antibody at 1 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.


Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH3 in human brain tissue with JPH3 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.







Other Product Images

Source:JPH3 antibody was raised against a 18 amino acid peptide near the center of human JPH3.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH3 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH3 antibody can be used for detection of JPH3 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4931P - JPH3 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH3 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1224 - Daudi Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704283
Accession Number: NP_065706
Short Description: (IN) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Moriguchi S, Nishi M, Komazaki S, et al. Functional uncoupling between Ca2+ release and afterhyperpolarization in mutant hippocampal neurons lacking junctophilins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2006; 103:10811-6.

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Fragments Products

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) Fragments Products

Definition
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) is a component of plastid-located plant fatty acid synthetase. It binds acyl groups covalently via the prosthetic group, 4-phosphopantetheine, during the biosynthesis of fatty acids.

Discovery
Hansen L in 1987 identified three isoforms of ACP in barley leaves. Protein sequence data have been obtained for ACP I and II, and in addition genomic clones encoding ACP I and III have been characterized . A scheme has been devised for the preparation of semisynthetic derivatives of acyl carrier protein (ACP). Acetylated synthetic ACP is coupled via its activated pentachlorophenol ester to native ACP, which had previously been acetylated and converted to the S-5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate)(DTNB) derivative.

Structural Characteristics
Residue 1-74 of ACP, a 77-residue single-chain protein of E.coli with a 4'-hosphopantetheine prosthetic group, is a suitable, simple model to study the chemical synthesis of small proteins. The sequence of Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) (65-74) (acid) is H-Val-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ile-Asp-Tyr-Ile-Asn-Gly-OH.

The solution structure of B. subtilis ACP (9 kDa) has been determined using two-dimensional and three-dimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The overall ACP structure consists of a four α-helical bundle in which 4-PP is attached to the conserved Ser36 that is located in α helix II. Structural data suggest that the two forms of ACP are essentially identical. The structural difference between B. subtilis ACP and both E. coli and act apo-ACP is not attributed to an inherent difference in the proteins, but is probably a result of a limitation in the methodology available for the analysis for E. coli and act apo-ACP.

Mode of Action
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a fundamental component of fatty acid biosynthesis in which the fatty acid chain is elongated by the fatty acid synthetase system while attached to the 4-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group (4-PP) of ACP. Activation of ACP is mediated by holo-acyl carrier protein synthase (ACPS) when ACPS transfers the 4-PP moiety from coenzyme A (CoA) to Ser36 of apo-ACP. Both ACP and ACPS have been identified as essential for E. coli viability and potential targets for development of antibiotic . Circular dichroism of recombinant Vibrio harveyi ACP and mutant derivatives of conserved residues Phe-50, Ile-54, Ala-59, and Tyr-71 revealed that, unlike Escherichia coli ACP, V. harveyi-derived ACPs are unfolded at neutral pH in the absence of divalent cations; all except F50A and I54A recovered native conformation upon addition of MgCl2.

Functions

Synthesis of fatty acid sand phospholipids, acyl carrier protein (ACP) interacts with many different enzymes during the synthesis of fatty acids, phospholipids, and other specialized products in bacteria .

ACP structure and conformation, fatty acid attachment stabilizes mutant ACPs in a chain length-dependent manner, although stabilization was decreased for mutants F50A and A59G. Results indicate that (i) residues Ile-54 and Phe-50 are important in maintaining native ACP conformation, (ii) residue Ala-59 may be directly involved in stabilization of ACP structure by acyl chain binding.

Synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides, the function of ACP in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides is thus clearly different from that involved in lipid biosynthesis. The same molecular species of ACP that undergo enzymic acylation with long-chain fatty acid residues also function in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides .

References

1. Hansen L (1987). Three cDNA clones for barley leaf acyl carrier proteins I and III. Carlsberg Res Commun., 52:381-392.

2. Hoj PB, Svendsen IB (1984). Barley chloroplasts contain two acyl carrier proteins coded for by different genes. Carlsberg Res Commun., 49:483-492

3. Suo Z, Tseng CC, Walsh CT (2001). Purification, priming, and catalytic acylation of carrier protein domains in the polyketide synthase and nonribosomal peptidyl synthetase modules of the HMWP1 subunit of yersiniabactin synthetase. PNAS., 98(1):99-104.

4. Flaman AS, Chen JM, Van Iderstine SC, Byers DM (2001). Site-directed mutagenesis of acyl carrier protein (ACP) reveals amino acid residues involved in acp structure and acyl-acp synthetase activity J Biol Chem., 276(38):35934-35939.

5. Therisod H, Kennedy EP (1987). The function of acyl carrier protein in the synthesis of membrane-derived oligosaccharides does not require its phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. PNAS., 84(23):8235–8238.

DNA Testing Lab

DNA Testing Lab

Bio-Synthesis, an international provider of DNA testing services including: government agencies, private institutions, or individuals who need DNA testing for various reasons. We offer comprehensive services such as paternity, maternity and other kinship identification. Our facilities are operated under AABB accreditation guidelines for all your private or legal DNA tests.

Family Tree DNA

This DNA testing service includes a surname-based reconstruction program to help you connect with relatives when the conventional paper trail ends. Probably the most popular genealogy DNA testing service, with one of the largest DNA databases as well.

Genetic Fingerprinting

Genetic fingerprinting (also called DNA testing, DNA typing, or DNA profiling) is a technique used to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA. Although two individuals will have the vast majority of their DNA sequence in common, DNA profiling exploits highly variable repeat sequences called VNTRs.

DNA and Labeling Techniques

A variety of probes can be used for in situ hybridization, depending on the application and the labeling strategy. In general, RNA probes (riboprobes) are now more commonly used. However, some laboratories may still prefer to use DNA probes for in situ hybridization.

JPH2 Antibody

JPH2 Antibody

Catalog#:4929

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH2-null mice died of embryonic cardiac arrest and human patients with mutations in the JPH2 gene showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating the importance of this protein. Multiple isoforms of JPH2 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH2 (CT2), Junctophilin 2, JP2, JP-2



Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH2 in mouse brain tissue lysate with JPH2 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.


Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH2 in mouse skeletal muscle tissue with JPH2 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.


Other Product Images








Source:JPH2 antibody was raised against a 17 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH2 antibody can be used for detection of JPH2 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4929P - JPH2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1403 - Mouse Brain Tissue Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704281
Accession Number: NP_065166
Short Description: (CT2) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Matsushita Y, Furukawa T, Kasanuki H, et al. Mutation of junctophilin type 2 associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 52:543-8.

JPH2 Antibody

JPH2 Antibody

Catalog#:4919

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH2-null mice died of embryonic cardiac arrest and human patients with mutations in the JPH2 gene showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, demonstrating the importance of this protein. Multiple isoforms of JPH2 are known to exist.

Additional Names: JPH2 (CT), Junctophilin 2, JP2, JP-2

Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH2 in 293 cell lysate with JPH2 antibody at 2 µg/ml in (A) the absence and (B) the presence of blocking peptide.











Source:JPH2 antibody was raised against a 14 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH2.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH2 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH2 antibody can be used for detection of JPH2 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4919P - JPH2 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH2 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1.Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 21704281
Accession Number: NP_065166
Short Description: (CT) T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Matsushita Y, Furukawa T, Kasanuki H, et al. Mutation of junctophilin type 2 associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Hum. Genet. 2007; 52:543-8.

JPH1 Antibody

JPH1 Antibody

Catalog#:4917

Junctional complexes between the plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) are a common feature of all excitable cell types and mediate cross talk between cell surface and intracellular ion channels. Junctophilins (JPs) are important components of the junctional complexes. JPs are composed of a carboxy-terminal hydrophobic segment spanning the ER/SR membrane and a remaining cytoplasmic domain that shows specific affinity for the PM. Four JPs have been identified as tissue-specific subtypes derived from different genes: JPH1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, JPH2 is detected throughout all muscle cell types, and JPH3 and JPH4 are predominantly expressed in the brain and contribute to the subsurface cistern formation in neurons. JPH1 is essential for stabilizing the T-tubule and SR membranes to form junctions and provide an environment for the assembly of receptors such as the ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1).

Additional Names: JPH1, Junctophilin 1, JP1, JP-1


Description
Left: Western blot analysis of JPH1 in 293 cell lysate with JPH1 antibody at (A) 1 and (B) 2 µg/ml.


Below: Immunohistochemistry of JPH1 in mouse skeletal muscle tissue with JPH1 antibody at 2.5 µg/ml.






Other Product Images
Source:JPH1 antibody was raised against a 15 amino acid peptide near the carboxy terminus of human JPH1.
Purification: Affinity chromatography purified via peptide column
Clonality and Clone: This is a polyclonal antibody.
Host: JPH1 antibody was raised in rabbit.
Please use anti-rabbit secondary antibodies.
Application: JPH1 antibody can be used for detection of JPH1 by Western blot at 1 – 2 µg/ml.
Tested Application(s): E, WB, IHC
Buffer: Antibody is supplied in PBS containing 0.02% sodium azide.
Blocking Peptide:Cat.No. 4917P - JPH1 Peptide
Long-Term Storage: JPH1 antibody can be stored at 4ºC, stable for one year. As with all antibodies care should be taken to avoid repeated freeze thaw cycles. Antibodies should not be exposed to prolonged high temperatures.
Positive Control:
1. Cat. No. 1210 - 293 Cell Lysate
Species Reactivity: H, M, R
GI Number: 145337941
Accession Number: AAI39833
Short Description: T tubule, SR membrane, sarcoplasmic reticulum
References
1. Takeshima H, Komazaki S, Nishi M, et al. Junctophilins: a novel family of junctional membrane complex proteins. Mol. Cell. 2000; 6:11-22.
2. Kakizawa S, Kishimoto Y, Hashimoto K, et al. Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. EMBO J. 2007; 26:1924-33.
3. Nishi M, Sakagami H, Komazaki S, et al. Coexpression of junctophilin type 3 and type 4 in brain. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 2003; 118:102-10.
4. Phimister AJ, Lango J, Lee EH, et al. Conformation-dependent stability of Junctophilin 1 (JP1) and Ryanodine Receptor type 1 (RyR1) channel complex is mediated by their hyper-reactive thiols. J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282:8867-77.