DNA To RNA

DNA To RNA

Bio-Synthesis continued to provide quality DNA to RNA products and services for the research community we provid advanced oligonucleotide tools to accelerate the discovery and application of genomic information. Whether you need d 100 or 100,000 custom oligos for high throughput applications, or multi-gram clinical diagnostic production, our consistency in providing realiable custom DNA, RNA, Constrained Nucleotide, BNA probes and primers and has earned us as an oligonucleotide company of choice!

RNA Catalysis

Research leading to the discovery that RNA can act as a catalyst started in the 1970's. Thomas Cech, at the University of Colorado at Boulder, was studying the excision of introns in a ribosomal RNA gene in Tetrahymena thermophila.


DNA Repair

DNA repair refers to a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as UV light and Radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day

RNA Synthesis

The detection of DNA fragmentation by the use of the TUNEL technique has become a standard technique for the detection of apoptosis in tissue sections. DNA cleavage, detected by the TUNEL technique, is the last irreversible stage of the apoptosis cascade. When the nuclear DNA is cleaved in oligonucleosomal-sized fragments, processes such as transcription are completely abolished.

Bio-Synthesis Inc, provide quality Custom RNA Synthesis Service

Custom RNA Synthesis

With over 20 years of experience in custom synthesis for the biomedical research communities, BSI has developed the expertise to deliver custom RNA synthesis with quality that meets all your RNAi, siRNA, shRNA and other RNA projects...

Features:

• Deprotected, desalted and ready to use
• Multi-scale capacities
• Purification by PAGE or RP-HPLC upon request
• QC analysis by MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry, HPLC, PAGE analysis
• Fast delivery with high throughput capacity
  

Services

• Unmodified RNA
• Modified RNA
• Labeled Probes
• RNA Bioconjugations: RNA-Peptide, RNA-Small Molecules, RNA-solid support
  
• RNA Chimeras
  

Platform and Capacities

No matter how large your siRNA order, BSI has the capacity to synthesize high throughput and multi-scale siRNA oligos with speed and reliability.

Our RNA synthesis relies on the use of fast deprotection ribonucleoside phosphoramidites protected at the 2' position by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) group and, at the 3' position, by a phosphoramidite.

The RNA synthesis and deprotection are performed using BSI's proprietary parallel synthesis and deprotection technologies. The use of the advanced technology enables us to synthesize oligos with higher coupling efficiency, faster deprotection, resulting in a faster turnaround time.

Oligonucleotide synthesis

Oligonucleotide synthesis is the non-biological, chemical synthesis of defined short sequences of nucleic acids. It is extremely useful in laboratory procedures covering a wide range of molecular biology applications. Automated synthesizers allow the synthesis of oligonucleotides up to 160 to 200 bases. Typically, synthesized oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA molecules around 15-20 bases in length. They are most commonly used as primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, as probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, and for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, allowing for the synthesis of artificial genes.

Synthesis substrates

Oligonucleotides are chemically synthesized using phosphoramidites. A phosphoramidite is a normal nucleotide with protection groups added to its reactive amine, hydroxyl and phosphate groups. These protection groups prevent unwanted side reactions and force the formation of the desired product during synthesis. The 5' hydroxyl group is protected by DMT (dimethoxytrityl), the phosphate group by a diisopropylamino (iPr2N) group and a 2-cyanoethyl (OCH2CH2CN) group.

Sequential synthesis

In solid-phase synthesis, the 3' end of the oligonucleotide is bound to a solid support column on which all reactions take place. The 3' group of the first base is immobilized via a linker onto a solid support (polystyrene beads or similar). This allows for easy addition and removal of reactants. In each step, the solutions with the nucleotides for the next reaction are pumped through the column from an attached reagent delivery system and washed out before the next nucleotide is added. In modern synthesizers, reagent delivery and washing steps are controlled via computer based on the desired sequence. At the end of the synthesis program, the oligonucleotide is cleaved off the solid support and eluted from the column.


Microarrays

An interesting development of this technology has allowed gene chips to be made, where the probes are synthesized on the silicon chip, and not printed, allowing a higher resolution. This can be done via a mechanical mask where thin silicon rubber capillaries are put on a glass slide and the probes synthesized. More high-tech versions employ photolayable products and Photolithographic mask or micro mirrors. The 1cm2 surface of silicon is coated with a linker and a photo protecting group such as nitroveratryloxycarbonyl is used and the mask exposes to a lamp the spots that will receive the subsequent nucleotide: this step is repeated for all four bases, but only one correct one is added to the growing probes on each spot

RNA Synthesis

With over 20 years experience in custom synthesis for the biomedical research communities, Biosyn has developed the expertise to deliver custom synthesized RNA with quality that meets all your RNAi, siRNA, sh RNA and other RNA projects.

RNA Synthesis
RNA synthesis is said to proceed in the 5′ to 3′ direction, reflecting the fact that the attachment of new nucleotides always occurs at the 3′ hydroxyl group of the growing RNA chain. RNA synthesis goes through phases that are typical of polymerization processes: initiation, elongation, and termination, yielding an RNA product of defined size and sequence.

Common RNA
Before the nucleotides are linked together, they exist separately as ribonucleoside tripolyphosphate (NTPs). As shown below, the NTP's contain one of the four common RNA bases, A, C, G, and U, linked to a five-carbon ribosome sugar, linked, in turn, to a chain of three phosphate groups. During RNA synthesis, a covalent, "phosphorescent" bond is formed between one of the three phosphate groups on one NTP and a hydroxyl group on another. The two other phosphate groups that were part of the original NTP are released.

Nucleotides
RNA, like DNA, is a polymer of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a sugar that is attached to a phosphate group and any one of four bases. The RNA polymerase, as it builds the chain of nucleotides, processes only one of the two complementary strands of DNA. This DNA strand is referred to as the template strand. The least confusing name for the other DNA strand is "the non-template strand.